- Actual author: “an actual or historical author [or], simply, the person to whom we attribute authorship.
- Ethos: “Ethos refers to the credibility that an author tries to achieve by appealing to his or her audience in certain ways…[which is] constructed by the interchanges among author, discourse, and audience” (201-2).
- Persona: a person is the mask writers where (202).
He notes that “voice is also contingent upon other factors: namely, audience and place” (202).